the modern infirmary is the evolutional product of the dialectic interface between medical theories at each time and the outcome of their application in clinical practice. the infirmary as we know it today did not exist during antiquity, but the different precursors of the modern hospital emerged as a result of the interaction between medical theory and practice. during antiquity the hippocrati...

studying the prominent iranian-islamic scientific texts of middle ages in the field of ophthalmology may play a role in recognizing the science of traditional ophthalmology and its crucial diagnostic and therapeutic points. the most important and reliable resources in the context of ophthalmology belong to iranian scientists. this study collects these references and provides their relative equi...

Chant is considered one of the greatest musical achievements of human history. It spread throughout the entire continent of Europe and inspired thousands of composers throughout the centuries. It survived the Dark Ages, a period of history spanning over a thousand years and characterized by invasions, starvation, and mass death. Chant continues to be a source of enlightenment for our modern age...

background: this paper examined the political and social implications of the compendium de epidemia prescription written by the masters of the faculty of medicine of the university of paris in the mid-14th century during the black death. this study aimed to examine how the effects of power as a discourse owned by medical knowledge are revealed. methods: this paper outlines the composition of th...

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RICHARD KIECKHEFER, Magic in the Middle Ages, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks, Cambridge University Press, 1989, 8vo, pp. x, 219, illus., £20.00/$39.50, £6.95/$9.95 (paperback). Magic in the Middle Ages is meant to be a general textbook on anything covered by the term "magic"-defined in the most generous sense as a cultural form in Europe between the years c. 500 to 1500. It succeeds admirably. Be...

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